Why Make Ethereum Blockchain Data Available on Google Cloud? 8310

Ethereum and other cryptocurrencies have captured the imagination of technologists, financiers, and economists. Digital currencies are only one application of the underlying blockchain technology. Earlier this year, we made the Bitcoin dataset publicly available for analysis in Google BigQuery. Today we’re making the Ethereum dataset available.

Like its predecessor, Bitcoin, you might think of the Ethereum blockchain as an immutable distributed ledger. However, creator Vitalik Buterin extended its set of capabilities by including a virtual machine that can execute arbitrary code stored on the blockchain as smart contracts.

With regards to the system architecture, Ethereum resembles Bitcoin in that it primarily serves to record immutable transactions. Both are essentially OLTP databases, and provide little in the way of OLAP (analytics) functionality. However, the Ethereum dataset is notably distinct from the Bitcoin dataset:

  • The Ethereum blockchain’s primary crypto-economic unit of value is Ether, while the Bitcoin blockchain’s unit of value is Bitcoin. However, the majority of value transfer on the Ethereum blockchain is composed of so-called tokens. Tokens are created and managed by smart contracts.
  • Ether value transfers are precise and direct, resembling accounting ledger debits and credits. This is in contrast to the Bitcoin value transfer mechanism, for which it can be difficult to determine the balance of a given wallet address.
  • Addresses can be not only be wallets that hold balances, but can also contain smart contract bytecode that allows the programmatic creation of agreements and automatic triggering of their execution. An aggregate of coordinated smart contracts could be used to build a decentralized autonomous organization.

The Ethereum blockchain data are now available for exploration with BigQuery. All historical data are in the ethereum_blockchain dataset, which updates daily. The Ethereum ETL project on GitHub contains all source code used to extract data from the Ethereum blockchain and load it into BigQuery—we welcome more contributors and more blockchains!

Why make Ethereum blockchain data available on Google Cloud?

While the Ethereum blockchain peer-to-peer software has an API for a subset of commonly used random-access functions (for example: checking transaction status, looking up wallet-transaction associations, and checking wallet balances, for example), API endpoints don’t exist for easy access to all of the data stored on-chain.

Perhaps more importantly, API endpoints also don’t exist for viewing the blockchain data in aggregate.  Here’s an example chart that shows the total Ether transferred and average transaction cost, aggregated by day:

Ether aggregate transfers and transaction costs

A visualization like this (and the underpinning database query) is useful for making business decisions, such as prioritizing improvements to the Ethereum architecture itself (is the system running close to capacity and due for an upgrade?) to balance sheet adjustments (how quickly can a wallet be rebalanced?).

BigQuery has strong OLAP capabilities to support this type of analysis, ad-hoc and in general, without requiring additional API implementation.

Accordingly, we built a software system on Google Cloud that:

  1. Synchronizes the Ethereum blockchain to computers running Parity in Google Cloud.
  2. Performs a daily extraction of data from the Ethereum blockchain ledger, including the results of smart contract transactions, such as token transfers.
  3. De-normalizes and stores date-partitioned data to BigQuery for easy and cost-effective exploration.

The Ethereum blockchain dataset is also available on Kaggle here. You can query the live data in Kernels, Kaggle’s no charge in-browser coding environment, using the BigQuery Python client library. Fork this example kernel to experiment with your own copy of the Python code.

Interesting queries and analyses

Below, we show a number of interesting queries and visualizations based on the Ethereum dataset. Our analyses focus on three popular topics:

  • Smart contract function calls
  • On-chain transaction time-series and transaction networks
  • Smart contract function analytics

Analysis 1: Popular Smart Contracts Event Logs

The main use case for the Ethereum blockchain has so far been the exchange of digital tokens. Below we demonstrate querying the dataset’s transactions and contracts tables to find the most popular smart contracts, as measured by transaction count:

What are the 10 most popular Ethereum collectibles (ERC-721 contracts), by number of transactions? View my query here.

Contract addresses and transfer counts for the 10 most popular Ethereum collectibles 

The most popular ERC-721 smart contract by transaction count is 0x06012c8cf97bead5deae237070f9587f8e7a266d, the main smart contract for the CryptoKitties game. We’ll take a look at some attributes of the game later in this document.

Looking more closely at this contract’s source code, it logs a CryptoKitty birth event to the blockchain. You can query the logs table for instances of this event here.

We can visualize the CryptoKitty pedigree, as shown here for accounts that own at least 10 CryptoKitties. Color indicates owner, while size indicates the PageRank (reproductive fitness) of each CryptoKitty:

CryptoKitty PageRank based on game's contract's source code

Analysis 2: Transaction Volumes and Transaction Networks

There are many types of tokens being distributed on the Ethereum blockchain, and their patterns of distribution vary by type and also by time. By looking at each token’s transaction activity, we can measure which are more popular in aggregate or within a given time frame.

Here’s a query to measure an aggregate token statistic: which are the 10 most popular Ethereum tokens (ERC20 contracts), by number of transactions? Find the answer here.

At position #5, one of the most popular tokens is OmiseGO ($OMG) at address 0xd26114cd6ee289accf82350c8d8487fedb8a0c07.

As a follow-up, here’s a query for measuring a token statistic (transaction count) by time window, specifically the daily count of $OMG tokens transfers, and a Data Studio visualization of these data as a time series from inception through August 2, 2018 from this Google Sheet:

OmiseGO exchange daily transfers

Note that on September 13, 2017, there was a large increase in the number of $OMG receivers but no increase in the number of senders. This corresponds to the beginning of the OmiseGO Token Airdrop.

Because the data, at a highly granular level, consists of a set of transfers between wallet addresses, we can also reason about the data using a directed graph data structure.

Here’s a visualization of a subset of the same data: it’s the first 50,000 transactions that had at least two trading partners. In this graphic, nodes (points) represent wallet addresses on the Ethereum blockchain, and edges (lines) represent aggregate transfer of tokens between a pair of addresses. Edge length is approximately proportional to the number of tokens transferred, meaning wallets that transfer more aggregate tokens between them are closer together in the chart. Further groups of addresses that transfer often with one another—to the exclusion of members of other groups—will cluster together, and we’ve color coded these groups for clarity. This graphic was made with Gephi and nodes are color-labeled by groups calculated using the Modularity algorithm.

Transfer graph visualization of Ethereum transactions

Analysis 3: Analysis of Smart Contract Functionality

We mentioned previously that many of the smart contracts on the Ethereum blockchain are ERC-20 contracts. What does this mean? ERC-20 simply defines a software interface that smart contracts can implement. Specifically, it’s composed of a few functions related to token transfer, fully described in the ERC20 Token Standard specification document.

There are many other functions that can be implemented by a smart contract. Fortunately, many smart contracts’ source code is freely available to use (open source). We can use this to gain some knowledge about what other contracts do from the name of the function, even for those of which we don’t have the source code, because common function names will share a common signature.

Coming back to the CryptoKitties, discussed in Analysis 3 above, the major element of gameplay is animal husbandry, and the mixing of genes in a breeding event is implemented in the CryptoKitties GeneScience smart contract, 0xf97e0a5b616dffc913e72455fde9ea8bbe946a2b. Suppose we wanted to find other games also implementing similar gameplay mechanics to the CryptoKitties GeneScience contract? We can measure this using a JavaScript UDF implementation of the Jaccard similarity coefficient in this query.

These results reveal that several earlier versions of the GeneScience contract are most similar to the current version of the smart contract at address 0xf97e0a5b616dffc913e72455fde9ea8bbe946a2b. But there are also some others (e.g. CryptoPuppies at 0xb64e6bef349a0d3e8571ac80b5ec522b417faeb6), that appear to be highly similar contracts, as measured by method signatures.

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Quranium Launches the Convergence Layer 1795

Quranium, the world’s first infrastructure purpose-built for the convergence of quantum security, AI-native intelligence, and blockchain trust, has today launched its testnet, delivering the long-awaited missing link in Web3: an uncrackable, intelligent, and scalable foundation for the digital era.

Supercomputing, Quantum technology, AI, and blockchain are no longer evolving in silos; they are converging. This shift demands a unified, secure infrastructure. Until now, no foundational layer has existed to integrate these technologies seamlessly.

Quranium introduces The Convergence Layer, the first infrastructure purpose-built to unite:

  • Quantum Security: Uncrackable by quantum computers, using NIST-approved SLHDSA signatures and ML-KEM encryption.
  • AI-Native Design: On-chain autonomous agents that audit, deploy, govern, and evolve smart contracts.
  • EVM Compatibility: Fully compatible with Ethereum tools, upgraded for the quantum era.
  • High-Performance Architecture: Supercomputing-grade nodes for speed, scale, and reliability.
  • Decentralized P2P Stack: Inspired by devp2p/libp2p, enhanced with post-quantum protections, optimized gossip, and advanced relay logic.

“We’re not here to patch broken systems. We’re here to rebuild them, stronger and future-proof. The Quranium testnet, built by our world-class tech team, isn’t just a developer sandbox; it’s a live demonstration of the infrastructure needed for a secure, thriving digital future,” said Kapil Dhiman, CEO & Co-founder of Quranium.

From today, Quranium provides a live environment to:

  • Deploy smart contracts using Q-REMIX, Quranium’s AI-powered contract generation and management tool.
  • Switch to the Quranium network via QSafe: Quantum-Secure Crypto Wallet (‘QSafe’), a multi-chain, quantum-secure wallet that supports almost all the blockchains live today including Bitcoin, Ethereum, Solana etc.
  • Explore the ecosystem with QRN Scan, a transparent, intuitive block explorer purpose-built for the Quranium chain, offering real-time insights into blocks, transactions, wallets, and smart contracts.

Quranium is also a call to the broader blockchain ecosystem. It is a catalyst, not a competitor. Through technologies like Q-REMIX, developers can bring post-quantum security and convergence-era capabilities to any chain, making Quranium a partner to existing blockchains, not a rival.

Quranium’s testnet enables builders and developers to actively explore, test, and contribute to the world’s first infrastructure purpose-built for the convergence of quantum, AI, and decentralized technologies. Visit www.quranium.org to enter the world of Convergence.

The Quantum Cliff & the future of cryptography: A critical moment for Web3

The world is approaching what experts call the Quantum Cliff, or Q-Day, when quantum computers will be able to break the cryptographic systems securing today’s internet, banking, and decentralized technologies. As early as 2022, the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy warned that “quantum computers could eventually break the cryptography that secures the internet, banking systems, and even cryptocurrencies.” That warning is no longer hypothetical.

With quantum breakthroughs accelerating, urgency is rising. In May 2025, BlackRock stated: “The accelerating pace of quantum advancements necessitates immediate action. Financial institutions must prioritize quantum-resilient infrastructure.”

Yet despite mounting alarms, over 99% of Web3 projects still rely on cryptographic algorithms like ECDSA and BLS, standard across Bitcoin, Ethereum, and most L1s, L2s, wallets, and dApps – despite being known quantum vulnerabilities.

The U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has confirmed that much of today’s encryption could be obsolete within the next decade, calling in its 2024 report for urgent migration to post-quantum cryptographic standards.

Kapil Dhiman continues: “Quranium takes this threat seriously. Rather than patching outdated systems, we’re building from first principles, with post-quantum security at the core – designed not just for today’s risks, but for a quantum-powered future.”

The future needs a foundation

The next chapter of the digital world will be written by the platforms bold enough to face reality. AI is growing autonomous, quantum is breaking encryption, and Web3 is still scaling its training wheels.

In the World Economic Forum’s (WEF) October 2024 report entitled “Navigating Cyber Resilience in the Age of Emerging Technologies,” the authors emphasize the importance of transitioning from “security by design” to “resilience by design” in response to the complexities introduced by technologies like AI and quantum computing:

“The increasing interconnectivity of these technologies results in a more complex and dynamic threat landscape… This interconnectedness, while beneficial for operational efficiency, necessitates a comprehensive and adaptive approach to cybersecurity – one that not only protects against potential breaches but also ensures robust recovery mechanisms to maintain continuity and trust in digital systems.” – World Economic Forum, 2024

And Klaus Schwab, Founder and Executive Chairman of the WEF, highlighted the transformative impact of intelligent technologies in his article “Klaus Schwab’s Call for Cooperation and Collaboration in the Intelligent Age” in Time Magazine, early 2025 “Intelligent technologies – quantum computing, biotechnology, spatial computing and blockchain – are intelligent because they are being enhanced and enabled by AI. This is extremely promising, but we have significant responsibilities to one another to make sure these developments do not do more … .”

This is what Quranium was built for. More than a protocol, Quranium is a global movement to future-proof digital freedom. Its message to builders, researchers, enterprises, and sovereign nations is clear: come build on the only foundation engineered for the convergence era.

About Quranium

Quranium is a Layer 1 blockchain protocol optimized for post-quantum security, AI integration, and EVM compatibility. It is ‘The Convergence Layer’, using quantum-resistant encryption, supports intelligent automation at the protocol level, and enables seamless interoperability with the Ethereum Virtual Machine.

The protocol is designed for high-throughput execution, deterministic consensus, and long-term resilience against both classical and quantum computational attacks.

Launched in 2024 by a team of Web3 pioneers, Quranium has grown into a global organization with more than 50 team members. It is headquartered in Switzerland, and has offices in DMCC (UAE), and Singapore.

Quranium’s 2025 roadmap includes the recent rollout of its Proof-of-Stake Convergence Layer, an AI-native gaming environment, and QSafe Wallet, a quantum-secure multi-chain crypto wallet.

Quranium provides foundational infrastructure for mission-critical systems and digital sovereignty in a converging technological landscape.

Key facts and initiatives:

  • Backed by Animoca Brands;
  • Strategic GTM partner: PwC;
  • Partnerships with MetaSig, MatterID, Hacken, Galaxe, LumaGames, etc.;
  • Sponsored by Bybit, and Winner of DMCC’s Best Web3 Startup 2024.

Website: https://quranium.org/

NATIX Launches Decentralized AI Subnet on Bittensor to Advance Autonomous Driving and Physical AI 1895

The StreetVision Subnet, incubated by Yuma, ingests real-world data from NATIX’s Tesla network (powered by Grab), and processes it to generate critical insights for map-making and Physical AI, while continuously outputting refined AI models.

NATIX Network, a Solana-based DePIN (decentralized physical infrastructure network) of smart cameras that collects street-level visual data for mapping and autonomous driving applications, announces the launch of StreetVision Subnet (Subnet 72) on Bittensor, the leading decentralized machine learning protocol. This strategic move combines NATIX’s extensive real-world data collection network with Bittensor’s decentralized AI infrastructure to significantly enhance autonomous driving and next-generation map-making.

Uber CEO Dara Khosrowshahi recently shared the success of its robotaxis in Austin, Texas, and shared the company’s plan to grow its self-driving fleet after the deal with Waymo “exceeded expectations.” As the role of Physical AI and autonomous vehicles expands, so does the need for safer models, trained using masses of real-world data. Traditional methods of training autonomous driving systems and updating maps involve costly, centralized processes that often fail to promptly capture dynamic, real-world changes. This pain point led enterprises like Nvidia and Uber to invest millions in solutions focused on creating synthetic driving simulations and unpredictable scenarios.

NATIX addresses these limitations by harnessing decentralized networks to continuously collect, analyze, and deploy real-world street-level imagery and video data. With over 250,000 active contributors who have already mapped over 170 million kilometers, NATIX’s global community-driven approach ensures data collection at an unprecedented scale and frequency.

StreetVision Subnet was incubated with strategic guidance from Yuma, a DCG company and key infrastructure partner in the Bittensor ecosystem. Yuma supported the launch through hands-on support, including AI model development and go-to-market collaboration, helping shape the subnet’s reach throughout the network.

NATIX will ingest real-world imagery from NATIX’s Internet of Cameras, gathered through the Drive& app and the VX360 device, developed in collaboration with Grab and leveraging Tesla vehicles’ built-in 360 cameras. The subnet processes these streams, generating valuable insights critical to mapmaking and Physical AI applications. Through competitive decentralization, miners within the subnet continuously refine their AI models, producing increasingly accurate and efficient detections and classifications.

These improved AI models are then seamlessly integrated back into NATIX’s Edge Network, i.e., smartphone and dashcam devices with edge compute power, allowing real-time street-level analysis. This creates a virtuous cycle, continually enhancing the accuracy and responsiveness of real-time detections for map updates and autonomous driving scenarios.

“The NATIX StreetVision Subnet on Bittensor represents the convergence of Physical AI and decentralized intelligence,” said NATIX CEO and co-founder Alireza Ghods. “By decentralizing data analysis, we enable the continuous improvement of AI models, significantly enhancing mapping accuracy, autonomous vehicle safety, and real-world responsiveness.”

“Physical AI is one of the most compelling immediate use cases for decentralized intelligence,” said Yuma’s Chief Revenue Officer Evan Malanga. “NATIX shows how continuous data from the physical environment can directly improve decision-making and enhance products already in use today. At Yuma, we back subnets like NATIX because they connect Bittensor to the real world, a clear signal that decentralized AI is delivering tangible impact.”

Roadwork Detection: The First Milestone

Initially focusing on roadwork detection, NATIX leverages the decentralized competition of Bittensor to develop highly accurate, real-time roadwork classifier AI models. This directly contributes to safer navigation, timely mapping updates, and improved autonomous vehicle performance. NATIX plans to rapidly expand into additional critical use cases, including potholes, road signs, litter detection, and comprehensive infrastructure monitoring.

Moreover, the subnet will later start to classify driving videos into standardized traffic scenarios and rare edge cases essential for training autonomous driving systems. Scenario classifications are integrated into simulation platforms, helping autonomous vehicle developers rigorously test and validate their technologies against real-world conditions, meeting regulatory requirements and enhancing safety.

Operating under Bittensor’s Dynamic TAO (dTAO) model, the StreetVision subnet provides continuous rewards, incentivizing miners and validators who produce high-quality outputs. Participants stake NATIX tokens to secure participation, ensuring sustained commitment and performance. Revenue from monetizing subnet-generated insights supports token buybacks and burning, fostering long-term token value and network sustainability.

About NATIX

Started in Hamburg in 2020, NATIX Network is a decentralized network of smart cameras powered by Solana. NATIX’s AI-powered Drive& app leverages edge computing to crowdsource smartphone cameras and collect real-time geospatial data and map the world around us. Network contributors are rewarded with NATIX’s native cryptocurrency to support better driving-assistant applications (dashcam, navigation, parking availability, etc.) and improve the infrastructure around us. With its recently introduced VX360 for Teslas, the comprehensive 360 imagery collected, NATIX offers a game-changing solution to the future of mapping and autonomous driving. With over 250,000 registered drivers and 170 million kilometers covered, NATIX is the biggest mapping DePIN network globally, according to Messari’s “State of DePIN 2024” report. For more information, users can visit NATIX.network

About Bittensor

Bittensor is a decentralized machine learning network that enables permissionless AI model training and inference. By leveraging a system of interconnected subnets, Bittensor creates an open, scalable, and incentive-driven ecosystem for artificial intelligence.

About Yuma

Yuma is a subsidiary of DCG focused on accelerating decentralized AI through the Bittensor network. Its mission is to create positive economic and societal change by connecting transformative ideas to decentralized intelligence. Yuma supports early-stage teams building on Bittensor, a decentralized network that rewards AI models for useful output, creating an open marketplace for machine intelligence. It provides capital, technical support, community access, and long-term collaboration to help launch and grow subnets. Through its accelerator, incubator, validator, and mining roles, Yuma helps shape a more open and accessible future for AI. Users can learn more at yumaai.com

Reppo Launches World’s First Liquid Node Sale, Pioneering Decentralized Data Infrastructure 2297

Reppo, a decentralized infrastructure network enabling AI developers and agents to access data, infra, and capital on-demand, has announced the launch of the world’s first Liquid Node Sale. This groundbreaking initiative is powered by Anoma’s intent-centric architecture and Zoo Finance’s Liquid Node Token (LNT) protocol, marking a significant advancement in decentralized AI infrastructure.

At the core of Reppo’s innovation are Solver Nodes—programmable economic agents that determine the computational path to fulfill user intents, which are partial transactions inspired by Anoma’s Resource Machine. These nodes enable data consumers ranging from developers, agents, and physical AI to express their data (and eventually infrastructure) needs declaratively, allowing the network to autonomously match and provision resources on demand. This eliminates the traditional complexities of resource discovery, negotiation, and integration, streamlining the AI development process.

The Liquid Node Token pioneered by Zoo Finance, introduces a novel model where Solver Nodes are tokenized, providing liquidity and accessibility to a broader range of participants on Day 1 of Reppo Mainnet. Through Zoo Finance’s LNT protocol, Solver Node License holders can acquire also delegate the running of Solver Nodes, making participation in Reppo’s ecosystem Plug & Play . This model not only democratizes access to AI infrastructure but also enhances capital efficiency within the network

Reppo’s Data Exchange architecture addresses key challenges in AI development, including centralized access to compute and data resources, high entry barriers to decentralized AI protocols, and limited access tied to geographic or institutional constraints. By leveraging Anoma’s intent-centric design and Zoo Finance’s liquidity solutions, anyone can participate in the emerging Decentralized Data Economy by simply running a solver node and earning fees and rewards for their efforts.

About Reppo

Reppo is a decentralized infrastructure network that provides AI developers with permissionless, on-demand access to specialized data, infrastructure, and capital. Its intent-centric architecture enables autonomous entities to discover, negotiate, and settle resource transactions without reliance on traditional intermediaries.

About Anoma

Anoma is a distributed operating system for intent-centric applications, facilitating expressive and human-centric interactions in decentralized environments. Its architecture supports the development of applications that prioritize user intent and autonomy.

About Zoo Finance

Zoo Finance is a structured protocol focused on enhancing liquidity utilization in decentralized finance. Its Liquid Node Token (LNT) protocol enables the tokenization and fractional ownership of infrastructure nodes, promoting broader participation and capital efficiency.

For more information, users can visit repposolvers.xyz.

Pharos Network Unveils High-Performance Layer 1 Testnet to Unlock RWA Adoption 2426

Pharos Network, a high-performance blockchain built for real-world assets (RWAs), announced the launch of its Testnet. Designed for institutional-grade RWAs and enterprise-scale DeFi, Pharos offers a next-generation, modular infrastructure that addresses the key bottlenecks preventing institutions from entering Web3. The platform powers scalable deployment of decentralized applications, enables efficient payment solutions, and unlocks new use cases for tokenized assets.

The Pharos Testnet achieves up to 30,000 transactions per second with one-second finality, setting a new benchmark for Layer 1 blockchain performance. Its GPU-like architecture could support billions of users and reduce storage usage by 80%. The network also features built-in support for decentralized AI and privacy preserving SPN. With ZK-based KYC/AML capabilities, Pharos ensures enterprise-ready security and compliance. It remains fully EVM-compatible, offering faster and cheaper transactions, while enabling flexible, on-chain innovation.

Pharos’s product stack directly addresses the core bottlenecks in RWA adoption—scalability, compliance, and flexibility—unlocking new use cases across sectors such as renewable energy industry finance, payment, supply chain finance, and tokenized real estate. Its modular, high-throughput infrastructure enables secure deployment of RWA at scale, while meeting the regulatory and performance demands of the financial industry.

Founded by former AntChain and Alibaba blockchain leaders, the Pharos team brings deep enterprise experience, uniquely positioning it to deliver enterprise-grade solutions for institutions exploring green finance, payments, and new forms of programmable ownership and asset tokenization.

“The Pharos Testnet represents a significant milestone in our mission to unlock the true potential of RWAs. By providing a high-performance, scalable, and adaptable platform, Pharos meet the needs of bringing real world assets on a chain and bringing utilities to these assets.” said Alex Zhang, CEO of Pharos Network. “We’re excited to watch innovation flourish on Pharos and accelerate the convergence of traditional finance and decentralized technology.

Developers and users can access and experience the Testnet by visiting testnet.pharosnetwork.xyz.

About Pharos

Pharos Network is a revolutionary Layer 1 blockchain platform that sets new benchmarks in decentralized technology with its extreme performance and scalability. Founded by ex-blockchain leaders from Ant Financial and Alibaba, Pharos aims to build the best chain for RWAs and enterprise-grade DeFi, achieving the highest EVM Layer-1 performance with 50K TPS and being the first to reach 2 gigagas/sec. In addition, Pharos is a co-developer of SmartCogent, an AI toolkit for large language models (LLMs), and the core development team of DTVM technology. For more information, please visit https://pharosnetwork.xyz.

Space and Time Launches on Mainnet to Power a New Generation of Data-Driven Crypto Apps 2717

Microsoft-backed Space and Time is the blockchain for ZK-proven data.

Space and Time, the Microsoft-backed blockchain for zero-knowledge (ZK)-proven data, is live on its public, permissionless mainnet.

Space and Time is designed to deliver ZK-proven data to smart contracts to power a new generation of data-driven crypto applications. It indexes data from other major blockchains, including Ethereum, and stores it across a decentralized network of database validators. Developers can access, query ZK-prove and connect this data back to their smart contract using Proof of SQL, Space and Time’s sub-second ZK coprocessor for SQL database queries.

“Prior to Space and Time, onchain applications had no way to query basic user data from a database of blockchain activity without introducing security risks and tampering. In addition, enterprises had no way to securely connect their cloud databases with smart contracts. Today we’re thrilled to announce the mainnet launch of Space and Time, which will empower developers to build sophisticated, data-driven onchain applications secured by cryptographic proofs,” said Scott Dykstra, Contributor #001 at Space and Time.

Smart contracts today can’t natively access historical, cross-chain or offchain data, which limits the complexity of onchain apps. Chainlink pioneered external data access for smart contracts with secure oracles and cross-chain messaging, solving key pieces of the context problem. The next wave of onchain innovation—spanning everything from dynamic financial instruments to data-rich AI agents and tokenized real-world systems—will require a trustless database layer for complex data retrieval. Space and Time enables this with a verifiable, decentralized database network that gives smart contracts the ability to query the full history of Ethereum and beyond.

“Smart contracts need context to make decisions, whether it’s real-time market data, cross-chain messaging or historical onchain activity. Chainlink provides the connective tissue for data to move securely across systems, and Space and Time brings powerful new compute capabilities that complement that vision. Together, we’re pushing the boundaries of what developers can build onchain,” said Sergey Nazarov, Co-Founder of Chainlink.

Space and Time was created by MakeInfinite Labs, a frontier protocol research lab that is backed by Microsoft and working alongside major financial institutions. In addition to its work on Space and Time, the firm has developed key technologies to the broader crypto ecosystem, such as Proof of SQL, Blitzar, an Elastic Network ZK Chain for Space and Time, and Chainlink DeFi Yield Index.

“At MakeInfinite Labs, we’re focused on building foundational infrastructure to enable the next generation of crypto applications. Contributing core technologies like Proof of SQL and the original architecture of Space and Time is part of that vision. We’re excited to see the ecosystem take this work forward and unlock new possibilities for verifiable, data-driven applications,” said Nate Holiday, CEO of MakeInfinite Labs & Co-Founder of Space and Time.

Space and Time is secured by a decentralized set of validators, and anyone can contribute to the network by providing high-quality datasets, staking or running a validator node.

About Space and Time

Space and Time is the blockchain for ZK-proven data, which enables smart contracts to trustlessly access and compute over data from any chain or source. Powered by Proof of SQL, a sub-second ZK coprocessor, Space and Time empowers developers to build more intelligent, data-rich applications with verifiable data.

About MakeInfinite Labs

MakeInfinite Labs is a frontier protocol research lab contributing to some of the most prominent protocols and ecosystems across crypto, including the creation of Space and Time. MakeInfinite Labs raised $50 million from Microsoft’s M12 Ventures and other leading investors to build the infrastructure that enables developers and creators to build data-driven applications, tokenize and monetize and win in the AI economy.

Introducing AIVM: ChainGPT’s Layer-1 Blockchain to Power Verifiable AI at Scale 2805

ChainGPT, a pioneer in blockchain AI solutions, today announced the release of its highly anticipated AIVM Whitepaper, a comprehensive technical and strategic vision for building the foundation of the AI Crypto Economy. The Artificial Intelligence Virtual Machine (AIVM) is a purpose-built Layer-1 blockchain designed to seamlessly integrate decentralised AI development, compute infrastructure, and monetisation, bringing Web2 and Web3 together under one unified, scalable AI ecosystem.

AIVM represents a major technological breakthrough, bridging the long-standing gap between artificial intelligence and blockchain infrastructure. AIVM turns AI into an open, trust-minimised public utility. As the first unified solution to offer decentralised compute, agent-based AI execution, tokenised data marketplaces, and developer tooling, AIVM lays the groundwork for an open, fair, and scalable AI ecosystem free from the grip of Big Tech monopolies.

Key Highlights from the AIVM Whitepaper:

The Problem:

  • AI is centralised: Controlled by Big Tech, limited transparency, and riddled with bias
  • Compute is exclusive: Cloud giants dictate access and pricing for AI infrastructure
  • Developers are stuck: Building decentralised AI is complex, fragmented, and slow.
  • Users lack control: Data is exploited without fair compensation or privacy guarantees

Reimagining AI x Blockchain Integration

AIVM introduces a robust Layer-1 architecture purpose-built to support AI execution, verifiable inference, decentralised model deployment, and cross-chain interoperability. This solves key challenges like scalability, privacy, and compute fragmentation.

A Plug-and-Play AI Infrastructure Stack

From decentralised compute and AI agent frameworks to model storage and data marketplaces, AIVM delivers a plug-and-play ecosystem for developers, enterprises, and Web3 projects to build, deploy, and monetise AI at scale.

Core Innovations

  • Dual-Path Execution: Simple models run transparently on-chain; complex workloads execute off-chain with cryptographic proofs via ZKML and TEEs.
  • GPU Compute Marketplace: AIVM provides permissionless access to scalable, low-cost compute without vendor lock-in. Developers can source GPUs directly or via integrated networks like io.net. By combining a native marketplace with external aggregator support, AIVM maximises global compute availability and pricing flexibility.
  • AI Model & Dataset Marketplace: Developers can publish, monetise, and reuse models/data with full transparency.
  • Developer Toolkits: SDKs, APIs, CLI tools, and monitoring dashboards to accelerate AI deployment. These tools are designed for AI devs, not blockchain engineers, with Python SDKs, CLI tools, and dashboards that simplify onboarding and deployment.
  • Privacy-Preserving AI: Zero-Knowledge Proofs, Federated Learning, and secure enclaves for sensitive data protection

AIVM is the only Layer-1 blockchain with native validator roles for AI, Compute, and Data, each enforcing trust across model execution, resource availability, and data integrity.

Token Utility & Validator Incentives

AIVM is powered by a single asset, $CGPT, which serves as both the gas token and the currency of the ecosystem. Users pay $CGPT for compute, storage, model access, and transaction fees. Validators, including consensus, AI, Compute, and Data Validators, stake $CGPT to secure the network and earn rewards for maintaining execution integrity, performance, and data privacy. This design aligns economic incentives across all protocol layers while ensuring AIVM remains scalable, decentralised, and trust-minimised.

Designed for Everyone in the AI Economy AIVM empowers:

  • AI Developers & Researchers with decentralised tools and compute access
  • Web3 Projects & dApps with intelligent agents and on-chain AI capabilities
  • Enterprises & AI-enabled businesses with privacy-first AI APIs and cost savings
  • GPU Providers & Data Contributors with new monetisation models via tokenised incentives

Commenting on this innovative launch, Ilan Rakhmanov, Founder of ChainGPT and CEO of ChainGPT Software, said, “Today, AI is locked in centralised silos data, models, and compute are monopolised by a few. At the same time, blockchain lacks the speed and tooling required for real AI execution. AIVM changes that. We’re not just launching another chain; we’re building the decentralised AI cloud. Think AWS for AI, but open, verifiable, and powered by crypto.”

The whitepaper outlines high-impact applications across AI-powered DeFi, predictive trading, fraud detection, decentralised identity, DAO governance, generative NFTs, and more. This makes AIVM a catalyst for the next wave of AI + blockchain innovation.

AIVM is advancing toward a decentralised AI future through a clear, phased roadmap designed to deliver robust infrastructure, real-world scalability, and widespread adoption. Here’s a look at the journey ahead:

AIVM Roadmap (3 Phases)

Phase 1: Establish the blockchain foundation with core infrastructure, lightweight on-chain models, and verified execution.

Phase 2: Scale the platform with advanced model management, dual-path execution, hybrid storage, and decentralised resource marketplaces.

Phase 3: Mature the ecosystem with enterprise integrations, developer toolkits, analytics frameworks, and workflow orchestration—paving the way for mass adoption.

A detailed AIVM roadmap will be published shortly after the whitepaper’s release.

About ChainGPT

Incepted in 2023, ChainGPT is a leading provider of AI-powered tools for the blockchain and Web3 industries. It emerged as a project to bridge the gap between blockchain technology and AI, creating innovative solutions for the Web3 ecosystem. Leveraging advanced AI techniques, ChainGPT enhances blockchain functionality with its tools and applications, including SDKs and APIs for automated smart contract generation, a Web3 AI chatbot, an NFT generator, and an IDO launchpad. With established partnerships and collaborations with industry leaders such as Google, Nvidia, and BNB Chain, ChainGPT continues to pioneer efficient and user-friendly AI solutions in the blockchain space.

As a relatively young but rapidly growing project, ChainGPT’s mission is to revolutionize the intersection of blockchain and AI, with a vision to unlock the potential of autonomous AI agents in Web3.

Learn more at: https://www.chaingpt.org/